Photo of Soldiers of the National Liberation Front , the Viet Cong, in the early 1960s display weapons from a variety of sources, from left, a captured American M79 grenade launcher; an American M1 carbine, captured from the French or South Vietnamese or supplied by the Chinese; and a K-50M submachine gun supplied by North Vietnam.

Vietnam has fought numerous invasions over the past two millennia, usually against China or whoever happened to have conquered China, including the formidable, ruthless Mongols. Whenever they could not defeat **** the invaders, the Vietnamese armed forces eventually wore them down by simply refusing to quit.

When the United States involved itself in bolstering the South Vietnamese government against the insurgent communist Viet Cong, it did so with the expectation of crushing a guerrilla movement.

In November 1965, however, the U.S. 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile) fought its first major battle against North Vietnamese Army regulars, who had been infiltrating the South via the Ho Chi Minh Trail snaking along the Laotian and Cambodian borders since the early 1960s. The communists also made extensive use of South Vietnam’s rivers and, to a lesser extent, the east coast, to smuggle supplies in .

TOP: Inspired by the German Sturmgewehr 44 of World War II but redesigned and simplified in 1947 by Mikhail Kalashnikov, the AK-47 assault rifle was easy to maintain and operate under extreme conditions. A staple of the North Vietnamese Army, it was also the weapon of choice for some U.S. special operations teams. ABOVE: Soviet designer Semyon Simonov’s SKS carbine was outclassed by the AK-47 but made a reliable supplement in NVA units. TOP: Inspired by the German Sturmgewehr 44 of World War II but redesigned and simplified in 1947 by Mikhail Kalashnikov, the AK-47 assault rifle was easy to maintain and operate under extreme conditions. A staple of the North Vietnamese Army, it was also the weapon of choice for some U.S. special operations teams. ABOVE: Soviet designer Semyon Simonov’s SKS carbine was outclassed by the AK-47 but made a reliable supplement in NVA units. (Jeff Workman/Dreamstime; Martin Brayley/Dreamstime)

Photo of Soldiers of the National Liberation Front , the Viet Cong, in the early 1960s display weapons from a variety of sources, from left, a captured American M79 grenade launcher; an American M1 carbine, captured from the French or South Vietnamese or supplied by the Chinese; and a K-50M submachine gun supplied by North Vietnam.Soldiers of the National Liberation Front , the Viet Cong, in the early 1960s display weapons from a variety of sources, from left, a captured American M79 grenade launcher; an American M1 carbine, captured from the French or South Vietnamese or supplied by the Chinese; and a K-50M submachine gun supplied by North Vietnam. (Sovfoto)

Illustraton of a North Vietnam’s home-manufactured K-50MNorth Vietnam’s home- manufactured K-50M incorporated selected components from the Soviet PPSh-41 and the French MAT-49 submachine guns. (Greg Proch)

Photo of a Fedor Tokarev’s TT-33Similar to but simpler than the Browning M1911 automatic pistol, Fedor Tokarev’s TT-33 was adopted in 1931, and 1,330,000 were made in the Soviet Union alone by 1952. It and the license-produced K54 were standard NVA officer sidearms. (World of Triss/Alamy)

Photo of a RPD Model 44The NVA’s principal squad machine gun for most of the war, the RPD Model 44 was much lighter than the American M60, but its barrel could not be changed, necessitating short bursts to avoid overheating. (Jose Marafona/Dreamstime)

Photo of Viet Cong troops firing a 12.7 mm DShK machine gun at U.S. aircraft during an air raid on a South Vietnamese village.Viet Cong troops fire a 12.7 mm DShK machine gun at U.S. aircraft during an air raid on a South Vietnamese village. An essential element in NVA and VC air defense, the DShK was dreaded among Americans as the “.51-caliber” and the “eater of helicopters.” (Central Press/Getty Images)

Chinese Communist hand grenades and a booby trapping kit taken from a Viet Cong prisoner by a U.S. Marine after an ambush in Cam Hieu village, Quang Tri Province, Vietnam, on December 4, 1967. (Photo by Ed Palm Photo/Getty Images)Displayed is a cache of communist grenades, mostly Chinese Type 67s, captured by a U.S. Marine after an ambush in Cam Hieu village, Quang Tri province, in northern South Vietnam on Dec. 4, 1967. Although deadly within a 6-foot radius, Chicom—short for Chinese communist—grenades suffered from a high percentage of duds. (Ed Palm Photo/Getty Images)

Photo of North Vietnamese troops support an assault with an M-43 120 mm mortar.North Vietnamese troops support an assault with an M-43 120 mm mortar. (Texas Tech University Vietnam Archive)

War and Conflict, The Vietnam War, pic: 1965, South Vietnam, Jagged spikes embedded in wood, a Viet Cong booby trap aimed at maiming their enemies, The spikes are often coated with poison to increase the misery (Photo by Rolls Press/Popperfoto via Getty Images/Getty Images)The ancient art of planting punji stakes to disable enemy soldiers was revived by the VC and taught to the NVA. (Rolls Press/Popperfoto via Getty Images)

Photo of NVA troops with an RPG-7 rocket-propelled grenade.The RPG-7 rocket-propelled grenade gave NVA troops an “equalizer” against American armored vehicles…usually if they could get around to the side or rear. (Sovfoto)

Illustration of a Soviet PK machine gunA latecomer to the war, the Soviet PK machine gun was essentially a squad machine gun based on the AK-47. Like the American M60’s barrel, the PK’s barrel could be changed when it overheated. (Greg Proch)

TOP: Inspired by the German Sturmgewehr 44 of World War II but redesigned and simplified in 1947 by Mikhail Kalashnikov, the AK-47 assault rifle was easy to maintain and operate under extreme conditions. A staple of the North Vietnamese Army, it was also the weapon of choice for some U.S. special operations teams. ABOVE: Soviet designer Semyon Simonov’s SKS carbine was outclassed by the AK-47 but made a reliable supplement in NVA units.Photo of Soldiers of the National Liberation Front , the Viet Cong, in the early 1960s display weapons from a variety of sources, from left, a captured American M79 grenade launcher; an American M1 carbine, captured from the French or South Vietnamese or supplied by the Chinese; and a K-50M submachine gun supplied by North Vietnam.Illustraton of a North Vietnam’s home-manufactured K-50MPhoto of a Fedor Tokarev’s TT-33Photo of a RPD Model 44Photo of Viet Cong troops firing a 12.7 mm DShK machine gun at U.S. aircraft during an air raid on a South Vietnamese village.Chinese Communist hand grenades and a booby trapping kit taken from a Viet Cong prisoner by a U.S. Marine after an ambush in Cam Hieu village, Quang Tri Province, Vietnam, on December 4, 1967. (Photo by Ed Palm Photo/Getty Images)Photo of North Vietnamese troops support an assault with an M-43 120 mm mortar.War and Conflict, The Vietnam War, pic: 1965, South Vietnam, Jagged spikes embedded in wood, a Viet Cong booby trap aimed at maiming their enemies, The spikes are often coated with poison to increase the misery (Photo by Rolls Press/Popperfoto via Getty Images/Getty Images)Photo of NVA troops with an RPG-7 rocket-propelled grenade.Illustration of a Soviet PK machine gun

The next decade would see both sides, the Americans/South Vietnamese and NVA/VC changing and adapting their tactics against each other. Essentially the NVA was a light infantry force backed by whatever heavier support it could field, adding guerrilla tactics learned from the VC to their repertoire.

Initially the VC used whatever French, American or other weaponry they could get their hands on, but with each infusion of NVA troops came a steady flow of Soviet and Chinese arms that made their infantry the equal of their opponents. Although the North Vietnamese did not commit any air support to their ground forces—which in any event would not have had a chance against the Americans—the NVA added more artillery, tanks and anti-aircraft weaponry to its forces between 1968 and 1975. In the end, in spite of the horrendous price they paid on the battlefield, what they had proved to be enough.

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